CLASS-XI
SUBJECT-POLITICAL SCIENC
MOST IMPORTAN QUESTION-ANS
Question 1. Why do we
need political theory?
Answer. We can understand the need of political theory through the
following points –
1. We need political theory because we can plan for the future through
it. Political theory helps in solving the present problems as well as making
new arrangements for the future.
2. We also need political theory because through this we can find
solutions to the current problems and can also do our better development.
Through this, socio-economic and political aspects can be better studied and
better solutions can be found.
3. We also need political theory because it provides justification for
systems of governance. Any type of governance system is based on certain
principles. Political theory provides a basis for governance, irrespective of
the type of governance system.
4. We need political theory also because through it we get information
about political reality. Political theory after studying better in the society
draws better conclusions through the desires, aspirations and tendencies of the
people and exposes the reality of the society.
Question 2. Describe the
features showing the federal features of the Indian Constitution.
Answer. The Indian constitution is a federal constitution, some of the
main features of which are as follows-
1. Indian constitution is a written constitution and any country with
a federal system must have a written constitution, so we can say that India is
a country with a federal system.
2. India is also called a federal country because it has the supremacy
of the constitution, which means that no one is above the constitution and the
supremacy of the constitution is very important in any federal country.
3. The Constitution of India is a federal constitution because
independent and impartial judiciary has been arranged in India. An independent
and impartial judiciary is an essential condition in any federal constitution.
4. The constitution of India is a federal constitution because here
the government is found at three levels. In the Indian constitution, there is a
system of three levels of government, central government, state government and
local government. In any federal constitution, there should be two or more
tiers of government.
5. The Constitution of India is also called the Federal Constitution
because here the division of powers has been done in the form of Union List,
State List and Concurrent List. Separation of powers is an essential feature of
the federal system of governance.
Question 3. Describe some
of the salient features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
Answer. Some of the salient features of the 73rd Constitutional
Amendment are as follows -
1. After the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, a three-tier structure of
Panchayats has been arranged in each state of India. Gram Sabha, Block
Committee and Zilla Panchayat Thus the three tier structure of Panchayats has
been accepted.
2. One of the major features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment is
that it has been made mandatory to hold elections to all levels of Panchayats
every 5 years.
3. A major feature of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment is that through
this one-third seats have now been reserved for women and reservation has been
made for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their
population. Along with this, reservation has also been made for the posts of
Sarpanch and Pradhan.
4. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, a provision has also
been made that now the responsibility of conducting Panchayat elections has
been given to the State Election Commissioner, who will conduct these elections
in an independent and fair manner.
5. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, a special provision has
also been made that the State Government will arrange for a Finance Commission
every 5 years, whose task will be to keep information about the economic
condition of the existing local government institutions.
Question 4. Describe any
four fundamental duties of Indian citizens.
Answer. Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution in
the year 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment. At present, there are
11 fundamental duties in the Indian Constitution, some of which are as follows
-
1. To abide by the Constitution and to respect its ideal institutions,
the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired our national
movement at the time of independence.
3. To protect and uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of
India.
4. To defend the country and to serve the nation when called upon.
5. To create a spirit of harmony and brotherhood among all the people
of India transcending all discrimination based on religion, language and region
or class and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
Question 5. Describe the
different forms of equality.
Answer. The literal meaning of the word equality is to treat everyone
equally. We can say that when a person is treated equally without any
discrimination on the basis of caste religion, language, gender, place of birth
then it is equality. We can understand different forms of equality in this way
-
1. Natural Equality Natural equality means that nature has created all
human beings equally and all human beings are basically equal.
2. Social equality Social equality means that all the individuals in
the society are equal and there should not exist any kind of special rights in
the society. There should be no discrimination on the basis of caste, religion,
gender, language etc. in the society, it shows social equality.
3. Civil equality Civil equality means that all persons are equal in
the eyes of the law and all are equal under the rules made by the state. All
citizens should have all civil liberties and rights without any discrimination,
this is called civil equality.
4. Political equality Political equality means that there should be no
discrimination of any kind in providing rights like participating in elections,
contesting elections, forming political parties to all persons.
5. Economic equality Economic equality means that there should not be
any kind of economic inequality in the country, that is, every person should
get economic protection and he should also get employment opportunities and he
should be free to do job and business on the basis of his ability. .
Question 6. Describe the theory
of justice of John Rawls.
Answer. John Rawls has supported the theory of distributive justice in
the present times, he has propounded this theory in his famous book A Theory of
Justice. John Rawls has supported liberal democracy on the one hand through his
theory of justice, while on the other hand he has also protected the interests
of the weaker sections of the society. John Rawls believes that the
establishment of a perfect society is not possible without justice. We can
understand John Rawls's theory of justice in this way-
1. According to John Rawls, the first principle of justice states that
all individuals should have basic freedom for the development of their
personality. Therefore all people should have equal rights.
2. John Rawls believes that the capitalist system should be supported
and equality of opportunities should be emphasized.
3. In the theory of justice of John Rawls, it has also been emphasized
that redistribution of income is essential. He believes that in order to face
the crisis on the capitalist system, the principle of redistribution of income
should be adopted. John Rawls believes that market economy should be based on
social justice for which redistribution of income is absolutely necessary.
Question 7. What do you
understand by the right of national self-determination? How does this right
hinder the formation of nation states?
Answer. The right of national self-determination means that the
members of a nation have their own governing and decision-making powers. This
right advocates the recognition of a territory as a political unit or state in
the international world. Under the principle of national self-determination,
the creation and recognition of states is advocated on the basis of one
culture, one state. This type of demand was first made in Europe in the 19th
century, as a result of which many small states were seen. The right of
national self-determination becomes an obstacle in the formation of nation
states, for which the following arguments can be given -
1. The creation of new states changes the boundaries of the states.
2. Due to the creation of new states, there is a huge displacement of
population and lakhs of people have to be victims of this displacement.
3. The right to national self-determination is largely responsible for
the immense loss of life and property, as a result of which communal riots have
also been witnessed at many places.
4. Due to the right of national self-determination, it was seen in the
formation of new nation states that even there there were no people of one
culture and race. Because of this, the minorities have had to go through a lot
of painful experience.
Question 8. What do you
understand by secularism? Describe any four secular elements made in the Indian
Constitution.
Answer. The meaning of secularism is that when a country does not have
any official religion, but that country respects and protects all the religions
of its citizens, then this concept is called the concept of secularism. India
and France are considered to be two major secular countries. In the context of
the secular element in the Indian Constitution, we can see the following
points-
1. The word secular has been used in the Preamble of the Indian
Constitution through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in the year 1976 which expresses
the concept of secularism of India.
2. It is clearly mentioned in the Indian Constitution that India will
not have its own official religion.
3. The rights of religious freedom have been arranged under the
fundamental right of the Indian Constitution, which provides for providing the
right of religious freedom to every person.
4. Through Article 26 in the Indian Constitution, this right has also
been given that any citizen can establish religious institutions peacefully.
Question 9. How can the
Indian citizenship of a person be terminated?
Answer. Some essential things have been described in the Indian
Constitution for the Indian citizenship of a person to end, which are as
follows -
1. If a person acquires the citizenship of any other country, then the
Indian citizenship of that person ends.
2. If a person renounces the citizenship on his own, then the Indian
citizenship of such a person is terminated.
3. If a person stays out of India continuously for 7 years, then the
citizenship of such a person is considered to be terminated.
4. If a person helps the enemy country during the war, then in such a
situation the government can terminate the Indian citizenship of that person.
5. If a person shows allegiance to the Indian Constitution, then even
in this situation his citizenship can be terminated.
6. If an Indian woman marries a foreigner, then the citizenship of
such a woman can be terminated.
Question 10. Duties are
implied in rights. Explain this statement.
Answer. Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin, that is,
rights and duties are interrelated and dependent on each other. There are no
duties in rights, we can justify this statement through the following points -
1. One person's rights are another person's duties, this means that if
we have to get our rights, then we have to discharge our duties properly.
2. A person's right is also his duty. Every person should discharge
his duties equally along with his rights.
3. Rights and duties are complementary to each other. This is because
in the absence of rights, duties will be of no value, on the other hand, if we
have to take advantage of rights, we have to perform duties as well.
4. It is believed that all-round development of a person is not
possible without rights and a person develops himself through his rights only
by living in the society, but if other members of the society do not perform
their duties, then a person It would be impossible to have all round
development.
5. Duties are included in rights because both rights and duties work
to make a person's life happy, so we can say that without both the all-round
development of a person is not possible and both are incomplete without each
other. .
6. Political thought believes that the existence of rights is possible
without duties, which means that if we want to enjoy rights, we have to perform
duties as well.