MID
TERM EXAM-2022-23
SUBJECT
– POLITICAL SCIENCE
CLASS-XII
IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS OF 6 MARKS ASKED BY CBSE
Question 1. 'Countries in South Asia
mistrust each other. This prevents the region- from uniting and exerting its
influence in international forums.' Give any two examples to support this
statement and suggest measures to strengthen South Asia.
Answer. Under South Asia, these
countries are included in India Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh Pakistan Sri Lanka
Maldives and sometimes Myanmar and Afghanistan are also considered as part of
it. The countries of South Asia trust each other and this statement is true, we
can give the following arguments in favor of this statement –
1. There are border disputes between
many countries of South Asia such as India-Pakistan India and Bangladesh etc.
2. Terrorist incidents on the border
are also a factor of mistrust in the countries of South Asia and the role of
Pakistan in this factor is considered to a great extent which reduces each
other's trust.
3. There are also apprehensions about
India in the small countries of South Asia because India is a big economy and
in terms of military capability, India is much more developed than other
countries from the South.
4. One of the factors of mistrust in
the countries of South Asia is the interference of external powers of the
world.
Measures to strengthen South Asia:
Many efforts need to be done to strengthen South Asia, some of which are as
follows –
1. The countries of South Asia will
have to make efforts to establish peace by removing mutual differences.
2. Endeavor to eliminate cross-border
terrorist incidents and cooperate with each other so that these terrorist
activities can be eliminated and opportunities for development and peace can be
increased.
3. To further strengthen South Asia,
all these countries will have to increase trade activities among themselves and
further sweeten various types of cultural and technological ties.
4. To strengthen South Asia, SAARC
also has to be strengthened because it is an organization that provides
opportunities for development to the countries of South Asia as well as does
enough work to maintain peace and order.
Question 2. How can Russia be
considered as a new centre of power in the 21St Century. Elaborate.
Answer. At present, Russia has
emerged as a new center of power. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in
1991, Russia became the successor of the Soviet Union and Russia has also been
declared the successor of the Soviet Union in the United Nations. In the 21st
century, Russia has emerged as a new center of power on the following grounds-
1. Russia has immense reserves of natural
resources. Russia is very rich in terms of mineral resources and natural gas
reserves and due to these reserves Russia has become a powerful country in the
world.
2. Russia has a huge stockpile of
weapons, which includes all types of missiles and weapons of advanced and
modern types. Russia is also the world's largest arms seller.
3. Russia is a permanent member in
the UN Security Council and has veto power and Russia's nuclear power also
makes it a new center of power.
4. The economy of Russia is one of
the most developed economies in the world and its GDP rate is also very good
which makes it stand among the powerful countries of the world.
5. At the international level, Russia
has the ability to intervene in global affairs and the influence of Russia's
talk is also clearly visible on global politics, due to which Russia has
emerged as a new center of power.
6. Russia is the largest country in
the world and the technical capability of Russia is also very developed.
Question 3. Is "ASEAN"
relevant in present times? Explain.
answer. ASEAN was established
on 8 August 1967 by 5 countries through the Bangkok Declaration. Even today,
ASEAN remains a very important regional organization. We can understand the
current relevance of ASEAN through the following points -
1. ASEAN is
currently working on creating a free trade zone in terms of investment, labor
services, and it has also achieved great success in this area.
2. We can also see the relevance of
ASEAN in such a way that fast growing economies like China and India are
showing great interest in trade and investment with ASEAN.
3. The way ASEAN has gained fame
through ASEAN style, in fact it is absolutely needed even in the present times
so that the atmosphere of peace and security is maintained in the world.
4. ASEAN, through its forum, has
provided a forum for world powers to discuss political and security matters
several times and there is always a need for such a forum.
5. ASEAN believes in the principles
and objectives of the United Nations and works for its promotion and we also
need such regional organizations which carry out such work.
Question 4. Critically evaluate
the role and limitations of SAARC in paving the way for economic cooperation
among the countries of South
Asia.
Answer. SAARC was established in
December 1985 to maintain and enhance economic
relations and peace order among the countries of South Asia. At present there
are 8 members in SAARC. SAARC has done a lot in
preparing the way for economic cooperation among the countries of South Asia,
which we can understand through the written points -
1. SAARC in its 12th Summit held in
January 2004 signed the Free Trade Agreement from the South, also known as
SAFTA, and implemented it from January 2006.
2. The main objective of the South
Asian Free Trade Agreement is to remove barriers to free trade in the countries
of South Asia and to promote free trade.
3. SAARC has adopted a new liberal
policy in South Asia, seeking to eliminate all forms of restrictions on trade
and promontory, which has benefited all member countries.
4. The member countries of SAARC have
established three technical and economic cooperation ventures in the Bay of
Bengal by forming BIMSTEC, through which trade and investment have increased.
Thus we can say that SAARC has played
an important role in economic cooperation among the South Asian countries.
Criticism: SAARC has played an
important role in establishing free trade and economic cooperation among the
countries of South Asia through its efforts but it still has many shortcomings
which we can understand as follows -
1. Due to mutual
differences between the member countries of SAARC, the objectives of SAARC are
not being achieved in which estrangement between India and Pakistan is failing
its economic objectives.
2. SAARC, like the mother of other
regional organizations of the world, has to widen its role so that it can
achieve its economic objective. At present, it is finding it difficult to
achieve its objectives.
3. SAARC will have to issue its flag,
its song and its founding day as well as one of its currency, like the European
Union, so that its influence can be widespread.
4. Many types of differences are seen
between the countries of South Asia and the obvious effect of these differences
is visible in the failure of SAARC objectives.
Question 5. What do you know about
Maldives, a SAARC member. Describe India-Maldives
relations.
Answer. Maldives: Maldives is a small island
country in South Asia. It is also a neighboring country of India and a member
country of SAARC. The rule of the Sultanate was established in the Maldives
till the year 1968, after which the republic system
was adopted here and the presidential system of government was established. In
June 2005, Maldives adopted the multi-party political
system of democracy and established democracy as a reality. MDP The political
party has dominance and control in the political affairs of the Maldives.
Relations between
Maldives and India: India and Maldives have very cordial and good
relations, both countries are peace loving countries and the political
objectives of both the countries are the same. We can understand the relations
between India and Maldives through the following points -
1. In the
year 1988, India had sent its army to Maldives so
that the military conspiracy there could not be successful and in this way
India had helped Maldives.
2. The trade and economic relations
between India and Maldives are also very good. There is a lot of trade of goods
between the two countries.
3. India has also provided special
assistance to Maldives in economic development, tourism and fisheries industry.
4. India and Maldives have signed
four agreements in the year 2020 which shows that very cordial and good
relations are still established between the two countries.
Question 6. Explain any three positive
and any three negative effects of
globalization.
Answer. Globalization is a process in
which there is free flow of goods, capital, labor and ideas. There are positive
and negative effects of globalization on the whole world which are as follows-
Positive Effects of Globalization -
Some of the major positive effects of globalization are as follows –
1. Due to globalization, there has
been a tremendous increase in trade all over the world, that is, due to globalization,
there has been a benefit due to which the trade of all the countries has become
much more than before.
2. An effect due to globalization has
also been seen that due to this there has been a tremendous change in the
standard of living of the people than before. The standard of living of the
people has become much better than before which shows the positive impact of
globalization.
3. A positive effect of globalization
has also been seen that now people have increased the number of choices of
things and food. Before globalization, there were limited amount of food and
drink options.
Negative Effects of Globalization -
Globalization is a multi-dimensional process, it has various effects. Some of
the negative effects of globalization are as follows
1. Due to globalization, there has
been a continuous increase in economic inequality. In many countries of the
world, due to globalization, economic inequality has increased very fast i.e.
the rich have become richer and the poor have become poorer.
2. The negative effects of
globalization have also been seen that due to this there has not been an equal
flow of labor and capital i.e. developed countries have benefited in capital
investment but have stopped the flow of labor through strict visa policy.
3. A negative effect of globalization
has also been seen that due to the advent of big multinational companies, small
businessmen and companies have suffered huge amounts and have almost reached
the verge of ruin.
Question 7. Explain any four factors
that make the European Union an effective organization.
Answer.
The European Union
1. After the
Second World War, America established the European Organization for Economic
Cooperation to provide financial aid to Western Europe under the Marshall Plan.
2. The process
of economic integration of European capitalist countries proceeded
systematically and in the year 1949, the European
Council was created.
3. This council was later transformed
into the European Economic Community in the year 1957 and after the dissolution
of the Soviet Union in 1992, the European Union was established after the
Maastricht Treaty.
4. The European Union also has its
own flag, national anthem, foundation day and currency. The European Union was
the largest economy in the world until 2005. The EU's GDP in 2005 was
approximately $12 trillion.
Question 8. Write a note on the
establishment of democracy in
Nepal.
Answer. Nepal is a small peace loving
country in South Asia. Monarchy was established in Nepal from the beginning,
but after 1990, the demand for democracy in Nepal started which was completed
in the year 2006. We can understand the process of establishment of democracy
in Nepal through the following points-
1. Constitutional monarchy was
established in Nepal and people in the country had been demanding more open and
responsible governance but the king had taken full control over the governance
with the help of army and did not allow democratic system to be established.
2. In the year 1990, a movement in
support of democracy started in Nepal and due to this movement, the king
accepted the demand of the constitution and on the other hand the Maoists had
started making their impact in Nepal.
3. The Maoists were against the king
and the ruling elite. So there was a triangular fight between Raja's army,
Maoists and pro-democracy as a result of which in the year 2002 Raja dissolved
the parliament and dismissed the government.
4. In the year 2006, there were
demonstrations in support of countrywide democracy in Nepal and the supporters
of democracy got the first victory when King Gyanendra restored the Parliament
which was dissolved in the year 2002, this movement was led by 7 parties did it
together.
5. In Nepal in 2008, monarchy was
completely abolished and Nepal was declared a democratic republic and in the
year 2015, a new constitution has also been adopted in Nepal. The Maoists have
accepted their representation in the government leaving the path of struggle
and have shown a sense of dedication for the development of Nepal.
Question 9. Explain the factors
responsible for the growth of Chinese
economy.
Answer. China is currently one of the
largest economies in the world. China is developing very fast and according to
one estimate it will become the largest and most developed economy in the world
in the coming few years. Some of the factors responsible for the growth of
Chinese economy are as follows-
1. China tried to improve its
relations with America in the year 1972 and ended its political and economic
isolation and with this policy, China made its economic development very fast.
2. In the year 1973, Prime Minister
Chou En Lai made four proposals for modernization in the field of agriculture,
industry service and science technology. After this modernization proposal,
China started its development very rapidly.
3. China's economic development
started very fast in the year 1978 after the economic reform and open door
policy by Deng Xiaoping. The Open Door Policy of 1978 began to accelerate the
pace of China's economic development, and we are still seeing its results.
4. Farming was privatized in China in
the year 1982 and due to this, there was a very rapid development in the field
of agriculture in China, which also contributed greatly to the development of
the country.
5. In the year 1998, industries were
privatized in China. Along with this, special economic zones were created in
China whose purpose was to promote foreign investment and accelerate the
development of the country.
6. China decided to join the World
Trade Organization in the year 2001 to increase its economic development and in
this way China has done a special task of connecting its economy with other
economies of the world, which gives it the advantage of rapid economic growth as
seen.
Question 10. Describe the main causes
of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Answer. The
Soviet Union came into existence in the year 1917 after the communist
revolution and in the year 1991 the Soviet Union disintegrated into 15
republics, for which many reasons were responsible, some of which are as
follows-
1. A very
responsible reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union was that the
Soviet Union had invested all its resources in the manufacture of weapons and
due to which its huge budget was being spent in the manufacture of weapons and
it was slowly falling behind. was becoming.
2. An
important reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union was also that the
Soviet Union had stopped upgrading its technology and was falling behind the
countries of the West and the Soviet Union suffered a lot due to this
technological backwardness.
3. The
dictatorship of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union also played an
important role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Because no other
political party existed in the Soviet Union, arbitrary decisions were taken in
the Communist Party and they were imposed on the people.
4. An
important reason for the dissolution of the Soviet Union was that many
republics of the Soviet Union now wanted to be sovereign and independent and
the demand for this sovereignty made the dissolution of the Soviet Union
inevitable.
5. One of the
reasons responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union was that the
bureaucracy in the Soviet Union was gradually increasing and the public had
become very upset by this clutches and they now wanted to be independent.
6. One reason
for the disintegration of the Soviet Union can also be considered responsible
that Russia was the most powerful and dominant of all the republics of the
Soviet Union and the rest of the republic was not given that much prominence.
7. The
opposition to the reforms made by Mikhail Gorbachev can also be considered a
responsible reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. started
protesting.
Question 4. What factors help the EU as a powerful
organization? Explain.
Answer. The
European Union is a regional organization on the continent of Europe and one of
the most powerful organizations in the world. The present European Union as we
see it came into existence in the year 1992 after the Müstrist Treaty. The following
factors have contributed significantly in establishing the European Union as a
new center of power -
1. The economy
of the European Union is very large and the European Union also had the
distinction of being the world's largest economy in the year 2005. Its GDP was
much more than that of the US economy.
2. EU's common
currency Euro is a very powerful currency and due to this currency, America is
also feeling threatened which shows the power of EU.
3. EU's share
in international trade is much higher The EU's share in international trade is
3 times that of the US, which makes the EU a powerful organization.
4. France, a
member country of the European Union, is also a permanent member of the United
Nations and is also a nuclear-powered country, which makes the European Union a
powerful organization in itself and due to its ability, it can also control the
policies of other countries of the world. can affect.
5. The European Union is also the most powerful organization in the world in terms of military capability and this organization becomes even stronger and more powerful due to France having nuclear power.