STUDY TIME

MID TERM EXAM

MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

CLASS-XI (11)

SUBJECT-POLITICAL SCIENCE

Question 1. What is the importance of the constitution for a country?

Or

Mention any four functions of the constitution.

Answer. Constitution is the supreme and fundamental law of any country, which has to be compulsorily followed by all the individuals. Constitution is an important law for all countries and performs many important functions, some of which are as follows -

1. The most important function of the constitution is to decide that it should provide such a set of basic rules so that there is a minimum coordination and trust among the members of the society. The constitution enhances coordination and harmony among various citizens in the country so that all citizens can live with dignity.

2. The second important function of the constitution is to decide how the government will be formed and who will have the decision-making power. Through the constitution, it is decided how the government will be formed and will function in this way.

3. The third important function of the constitution is to set limits on the powers of the government. After the formation of the government, the constitution also decides that the government should not become autocratic and should do the work of public welfare only under the rules.

4. An important function of the constitution is also that the constitution helps in fulfilling the aspirations and goals of the citizens of the country. In this way, the constitution gives the government some capacity so that it can fulfill the aspirations of the people and create the right conditions for the establishment of a just society.

5. The most important function of the constitution is that it is a basic identity of any country. It is through the constitution that the real identity of the country is established and only through the provisions made in the constitution, the citizens of the country and the country in the world can be known well. Through the Constitution of South Africa, we can understand many things about South Africa, in the same way the early constitution of Germany told us about its racial discrimination.

Question 2. The Constitution of India is also called the bag of loans. Explain.

Or

Describe the provisions in the Indian Constitution which have been taken from the constitutions of other countries.

Answer. The Constitution of India is the largest written constitution in the world. Many provisions have been included in the constitution of our country, many of which have been taken from the constitutions of other countries. Due to taking these provisions from other countries, the Indian Constitution is also called a bag of credit. The following provisions have been taken from the constitutions of other countries in the Indian Constitution -

1. British Constitution - From the Constitution of Britain, we have included many things in our constitution, including the decision of winning the election on the basis of the most votes, the parliamentary form of government, the idea of ​​rule of law, the office of the Speaker in the legislature and its role. , method of law making.

2. US Constitution - Concepts like list of fundamental rights, power of judicial review and independence of judiciary have been taken from the US Constitution in the Indian Constitution.

3. Constitution of Canada - Concepts such as the form of quasi-federal government (federal system with a strong central government), the principle of residuary powers have been included in the Indian Constitution from the Canadian Constitution.

4. Constitution of France - The ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity have been taken from the Constitution of France in the Indian Constitution.

5. Constitution of Ireland - Some provisions have been taken from the Constitution of Ireland in the Indian Constitution, in which the Directive Principles of State Policy are prominent.

6. Constitution of South Africa - The method of constitutional amendment in the Indian Constitution has been taken from the Constitution of South Africa.

Question 3. What do you understand by constitutional amendment? How many methods of amendment are there in the Indian Constitution?

Answer. Constitutional amendment simply means to include those provisions in the constitution which are not in the constitution and remove old provisions and add new provisions if necessary.

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution deals with constitutional amendment. There are three main methods of amending the Indian Constitution which are as follows -

1. Ordinary Law - The first method to amend the Indian Constitution is the ordinary law and through this method the Parliament can make some amendments by a simple majority. Some of these topics are the creation of new states, determining their boundaries, forming or abolishing the Legislative Council of the states, citizenship, general elections, privileges of parliamentarians, etc.

2. Special Law - The second method of amending the Indian Constitution is the method of special majority. According to this procedure, the Constitution Amendment Bill can be introduced in either House and after that the resolution can be passed by a simple majority of the total number of the House and two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. The same process will be completed in the second house and after that the constitution is amended after being signed by the President. Most of the provisions of the Indian Constitution are amended through this process, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles etc.

3. Special majority and support of the states - This method of amending the Indian Constitution is very difficult. The same process is repeated and after that the Constitutional Amendment Bill is sent to the State Legislative Assembly for its approval and it is necessary to have the support of the Legislative Assemblies of at least half of the states of India. After getting the assent of the states, the process of amendment of the constitution is completed after the signature of the President. In this way, amendments to the constitution mainly take place in the election of the President, the method of election of the President, the executive power of the Union, the executive power of the states, the High Court of the states, the Federal Court etc.

Question 4. Mention four important functions of the Election Commission of India.

Answer. The responsibility of conducting free and fair elections in India has been given to the Election Commission of India. Under Article 324 of the Constitution of India, a provision has been made for the constitution of a free and fair Election Commission, which has been given the responsibility of conducting elections to Parliament, State Legislature, President, Vice President etc. The main functions of the Election Commission of India are as follows -

1. The most important function of the Election Commission is to prepare the electoral roll in which the names of all eligible voters are entered.

2. The Election Commission also announces the dates of various types of elections.

3. The Election Commission of India also does the work of giving recognition to different types of political parties.

4. The task of providing election symbols to political parties is also the responsibility of the Election Commission of India.

5. The Election Commission of India releases the election results after the elections are over.

6. The Election Commission of India can cancel the elections in any state or any constituency to conduct free and fair elections and also enforces the model code of conduct.

Question 5. What are the reforms you want to make in the Indian electoral system? Explain.

Answer. No system of election can ever be ideal and it is always in need of improvement. Free and fair elections are an essential condition of any electoral system. Some of the reforms in the Indian electoral system can be done as follows -

1. Now we have to replace the system with the most votes by adopting some kind of proportional representation system so that political parties get seats in the same proportion as they get votes.

2. Women should get representation in at least one third of the seats in the Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of India.

3. There is a need to make more stringent provisions to control the influence of money in the electoral politics of India and the government should arrange for expenditure from a government electoral fund.

4. In the Indian election system, any type of person who is facing any kind of criminal case should be barred from contesting elections.

5. Speech and appeal based on caste religion of any kind should be completely banned in election campaign.

6. If the Indian electoral system is to be further improved, then it is very necessary to determine some kind of educational qualification to contest elections.

Question 6. Describe the appointment process of the Prime Minister and his powers.

Answer. Appointment of the Prime Minister - In India, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President, whom the President makes the leader of the political party the Prime Minister after the Lok Sabha elections. If a political party does not get a majority in the Lok Sabha elections, then in such a situation, the President can at his discretion make any such person as the Prime Minister who can later prove the majority. Normally the tenure of the Prime Minister is 5 years but the Lok Sabha can be dissolved at any time so it does not have a fixed tenure. Some of the main powers of the Prime Minister are described as follows -

1. One of the main functions of the Prime Minister is to form the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister prepares the list of ministers and presents it to the President. The President appoints various ministers on the basis of this list.

2. An important role or power of the Prime Minister can also be seen in the form of presiding over the meetings of the Cabinet. One of the main functions of the Prime Minister is to convene and preside over the meeting of the Cabinet and through this meeting the Prime Minister discusses various issues.

3. It is also an important function of the Prime Minister that he also removes the ministers from their posts when necessary. When a minister does not perform properly in his department, the Prime Minister removes that minister from the post of minister.

4. We can also see an important role of the Prime Minister in the form that the Prime Minister of India acts as a link between the Cabinet and the President. The Prime Minister keeps on providing information to the President about all the work of the government.

5. The Prime Minister is a keynote speaker of the government and also decides all the decisions and policies on behalf of the government.

6. In India, the Prime Minister actually exercises the powers because the parliamentary executive has been adopted in India. The Prime Minister thus reflects as the leader of the nation and provides leadership to the country.

Question 7. Explain the difference between political executive and permanent executive.

Answer. Some of the major differences between political executive and permanent executive are as follows:

1. Political executive is called that executive which includes all types of politicians whereas under permanent executive there are different types of administrative officers.

2. The political executive is elected by the people through elections and usually completes its term after 5 years, while the permanent executive is appointed through a certain examination and generally serves till the age of 60 years. .

3. Where the political executive does not have much experience in his work and is not so efficient, on the other hand, the permanent executive is skilled in his work and he also has special experience in his work.

4. Permanent executive, which we also know as bureaucracy, conveys various policies and programs of the government to the public whereas the political executive only works till the formulation of policies and programs.

Question 8. Describe the emergency powers of the President.

Answer. In India, the President has been mainly made the head of the nation but the President seems to be very weak in terms of powers. This does not mean that the President does not have any kind of powers. We can understand the emergency powers of the President as follows -

1. National Emergency - If there is an armed rebellion in the country or there is a war with any other country, then in such a situation, the President can declare a national emergency in the country after the written notice of the Council of Ministers. National emergency is declared in the country through Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.

2. State Emergency - If in any state it appears that the government is not being carried on in accordance with the Constitution, that is, the constitutional machinery has failed, then on the basis of the report of the Governor, the President may impose President's rule or State Emergency in that state. can announce. President's rule in India, also known as state emergency, has been imposed several times in many states.

3. Financial Emergency - If the President feels that a financial crisis has arisen in the country, then in such a situation, the President can declare a financial emergency in the country after the written recommendation of the Cabinet and it can remain in force until Till the financial situation in the country does not return to normal. Financial emergency has not been declared in India yet.

Question 9. State the major differences between parliamentary and presidential executive.

Answer. Some of the major differences between parliamentary and presidential executive are as follows:

1. In the parliamentary executive, the head of the country is the King/Queen or the President, whereas in the presidential executive, the head of the country is the President.

2. In the parliamentary executive, the head of government is the prime minister and he also exercises the powers, whereas in the presidential executive, the head of the government is also the president and he also exercises the powers in reality.

3. In the parliamentary executive, the Prime Minister is responsible to the Parliament, that is, the legislature, whereas in the presidential executive, the President is not responsible to the Parliament or the legislature.

4. In the parliamentary executive, the prime minister is the leader of the majority party, whereas in the presidential executive, the president is generally directly elected by the people.

5. India and Britain come in the major countries with parliamentary executive, while America and Brazil are the major countries in the list of countries with presidential executive.

Question 10. Describe the special powers of the President in India.

Answer. In India, although the President plays the role of the ceremonial head, but it would be wrong to say that the President does not have any special powers. The President also has many types of special powers, which we can understand through the following points -

1. Constitutionally, the President has the right to receive information about all matters of importance and the proceedings of the Council of Ministers. It is the responsibility of the Prime Minister to provide all the information sought by the President to him.

2. The President also has a privilege that he can return any bill passed by the Parliament and ask for its reconsideration. In this process the President exercises his discretion. However, once again the President cannot return any bill and has to sign it.

3. The President also has a privilege that he can delay the return of a bill passed by the Parliament or can also use pocket veto. This means that the President can keep any bill with him for any length of time and for this there is no time fixed in the constitution. The President of India, Giani Zail Singh had adopted such a procedure in the year 1986.

4. The description of a prerogative power of the President We also see here that when no political party gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, then in such a situation, the President exercising his discretion can appoint any such person as the Prime Minister. Whom he is confident that he can prove the majority later. In this situation, the President can appoint any person as the Prime Minister. Such situations have arisen many times in India since 1989.

Question 11. Analyze the major powers of Parliament in India.

Answer. Parliament - Parliament is formed in India consisting of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and the President and this parliament makes laws for the country. We can understand the various powers and functions of Parliament through the following points -

1. Legislative Powers - One of the main functions of the Parliament is to make laws for the country. One of the main functions of the Parliament is to make laws when required and also to formulate policies. Bills are introduced in the Parliament through the Council of Ministers and after discussing them, it is given the form of law.

2. The main function of the Parliament is also to control the executive. It is the most important function of the Parliament to maintain good control over the executive and also to keep it accountable.

3. One of the main functions of the Parliament is to perform financial functions. The government has to do many such tasks which require money. Parliament prepares the budget every year and the country's income and expenses are also determined through this budget.

4. The Parliament represents the entire country. It represents the divergent views of different types of regional socioeconomic and religious groups.

5. An important function of the Parliament is that it provides a forum for debate and debate on various important issues. When necessary in the country, various types of issues are debated in the Parliament and as a result, laws are also made.

6. An important function of the Parliament is to amend the Constitution. Whenever there is a need to amend the Constitution, Parliament performs this work. A Constitution Amendment Bill can be introduced in either House of the Parliament.

7. An important function and power of Parliament can also be seen in the form of various types of electoral functions. Parliament in India also performs a variety of election related functions such as the election of the President and the Vice-President.

8. Parliament in India also performs judicial functions. Whenever the President or the Vice-President has to be removed from their posts or the judges of the Supreme and High Court have to be removed from their office, then in such a situation Parliament discusses these proposals and if the resolution is passed, they are removed from their posts.

Question 12. How does the legislature exercise control over the executive? Explain.

Or

Explain in detail the parliamentary control over the Council of Ministers.

Answer. Parliamentary executive has been adopted in India under which the Council of Ministers exercises all the powers and the President is the constitutional head. The Parliament exercises control over the executive ie the Council of Ministers in many ways, some of which are as follows -

1. Members of Parliament ask various types of questions to the Ministers with reference to their portfolios and the Ministers have to answer those questions. In this way the control over the Council of Ministers remains.

2. Parliament also maintains control over the Council of Ministers through the Stop Work motion. Whenever there is a serious problem or issue to be considered, the members of parliament stop all the processes through stop work motion and that problem is considered and an answer is also sought from the government.

3. Parliament also maintains control over the Council of Ministers through calling attention motion. Calling Attention Motion can be moved by any member of Parliament and its purpose is to bring attention of the government to a serious or a particular issue and they are also asked to reply in that context.

4. Parliament can also remove the Council of Ministers through a no-confidence motion which is presented only in the Lok Sabha. If it appears to the Lok Sabha that the cabinet is not functioning properly and a no-confidence motion has been passed against it, then the cabinet is removed.

5. Parliament also maintains financial control over the Council of Ministers. Parliament approves the budget presented by the government and looks at the list of income and expenditure for 1 year. Whenever a bill related to funds for various types of schemes is introduced by the government, the legislature debates and discusses that bill and seeks an answer from the council of ministers.

Question 13. What do you understand by the independence of the judiciary? Describe the provisions of the Indian Constitution that ensure the independence of the judiciary.

Answer. The independence of the judiciary simply means the judges giving their decisions without any coercion or fear. When the judges perform their functions without any external pressure or control, it is called independence of the judiciary. Many such provisions have been included in the Indian Constitution, which ensure the independence of the judiciary. Some such provisions are as follows -

1. Interference of the legislature in the appointment of judges is not accepted.

2. It has been made a necessary condition for the judges to be experts in the practice of law and law so that they can perform their functions in a better way.

3. Judges are appointed for a fixed period like in the Supreme Court judges can serve for 65 years and they cannot be removed before that.

4. The process of removal of judges is very difficult and they can be removed only through the process of impeachment. Whenever a judge is accused of misconduct, Parliament investigates those charges and if those charges are found to be true, the judges are removed from the process of impeachment. Judges cannot be removed from their posts by any other process.

5. The salaries and allowances of judges are paid from the Consolidated Fund and their salaries and allowances cannot be reduced by the legislature.

6. No act and decision of the judiciary can be criticized anywhere.

7. If any person commits contempt of court, appropriate action is taken against that person and he is punished.

8. No decision or conduct of the judiciary can be discussed in the Parliament. Only the process of impeachment can be discussed in Parliament.

Question 14. Describe the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India.

Answer. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India is quite wide. The original or substantive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court means that such cases can be initiated only in the Supreme Court. We can understand the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as follows -

1. Any dispute between two or more states is decided only by the Supreme Court.

2. Differences and disputes between the Central Government and one or more State Governments are settled only by the Supreme Court.

3. Disputes related to the sharing of water of rivers among different states are also heard by the Supreme Court.

4. Matters related to Fundamental Rights can also be heard directly in the Supreme Court.

Question 15. Describe some such provisions mentioned in the Indian Constitution, which show that despite the presence of federalism in India, the Center is more powerful.

Or

Union government is more powerful than the states in India. Explain.

Answer. Federal system of government has been adopted in India and there is division of powers. In India, arrangements have been made for the central government, state government and local governments so that the division of powers can be done in a better way. Despite this, there are some such provisions in the Indian Constitution, which proves that the Union Government is more powerful than the State Governments in India. Some of the major provisions are as follows -

1. The subjects in India are divided through three lists which are known as Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Of all these the most important subjects have been put in the subjects of the Union List which shows that the Union Government is more important.

2. In addition to these three lists of subjects, whenever a law has to be made on any new subject, which is known as the residuary subject, then only the Central Government can make a law on it.

3. Both the State Government and the Central Government can make laws on the subject of the Concurrent List, but if both the State Government and the Central Government make laws on any subject in the Concurrent List, then only the law made by the Central Government is valid.

4. The power to amend the Indian Constitution has been given to the Parliament, only in some subjects the consent of the states is necessary, apart from this the power to amend all the subjects has been given to the Parliament, which shows the power of the Center.

5. The officers to be appointed through the All India Service are under the control of the Central Government and these officers are appointed in any state of India. All these officers follow the instructions of the central government.

6. The appointment of the governor in the states also empowers the central government. The Governor is appointed by the President and provides various information to the government. Sometimes the governor is also called an agent of the central government.

7. Through Article 249 of the Constitution of India, if the Rajya Sabha declares a subject in the State List as important, then only the Parliament has the right to make laws on it.

Question 16. Describe the essential elements of federal government.

Or

Describe the main features of federal government.

Answer. Any such country is called a country with a federal system where there is a division of powers. India is also a federal system country and the government here is divided into 3 levels. Some of the essential elements or features of a federal government are as follows -

1. One of the main features of a federal system of governance is the division of powers. There is a federal government system in India because three lists of powers have been made in India Union List, State List and Concurrent List.

2. A written constitution is found in a federal system of governance. India has a federal system of governance and a written constitution. The Constitution of India is the largest written constitution in the world.

3. A major feature of the federal system of governance is also the supremacy of the Constitution. A federal system of governance has been established in India and here the Constitution is the supreme law, which has to be compulsorily followed by all.

4. An independent and impartial judiciary is also a major feature or feature of the federal system of governance. An independent and impartial judiciary has been provided in India, which has been given the freedom to take its decisions and actions without any external pressure.

Question 17. Describe the salient features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

Or

What provisions have been made in relation to Panchayats through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment?

Answer. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment related to local governance was passed by the Indian Parliament in the year 1992. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment is related to local rural governance or Panchayati Raj. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act came into force in the year 1993. The main features of this constitutional amendment are as follows -

1. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, the three-tier system of Panchayats has been accepted in India. The first level consists of the Gram Panchayat, the second level is the block or taluka and the third level is the Zilla Parishad. Gram Sabha has been made mandatory through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

2. One Gram Sabha will be constituted in each village and it will be constituted compulsorily. All the adult voters of the village will be its members in the Gram Sabha.

3. Provision has also been made to make Panchayat elections compulsorily after every 5 years. If a Panchayat is dissolved even before 5 years, re-election will have to be held within 6 months.

4. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, a system of reservation has also been made in Panchayati Raj. One-third of the seats have been reserved for women in panchayats, along with the seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in proportion to their number.

5. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, provision has also been made for subjects for rural local self-government. A provision has also been made to transfer 29 such subjects which were earlier included in the state list, to rural local government.

6. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, provision has also been made for the appointment of a State Election Commissioner, whose responsibility will be to conduct Panchayati elections. This Election Commissioner will discharge his functions independently and impartially.

7. Provision has also been made for the constitution of a State Finance Commission through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. This commission will take stock of the economic condition of the existing institutions of local government in the states and also review the distribution of revenue among the institutions of local government.

Question 18. What is the importance of the study of political theory?

Answer. We can understand the importance of the study of political theory through the following points -

1. The major importance of the study of political theory is that it does an important job of making the citizens of the country aware. Through political theory, the citizens of the country become aware and understand the governance process of the country.

2. It is also necessary to study political theory because through political theory we can successfully solve future problems. Helps in solving different types of problems in political theory.

3. One of the importance of the study of political theory is that it provides the ability to make rational decisions to the individual. Through political theory, the power of reasoning comes in the person and he is able to decide right and wrong.

4. A special importance of the study of political theory is that it is very necessary for the successful operation of democracy. Through political theory, it is very easy to understand the different dimensions of democracy.

5. Through political theory, it is of great help to make a comparative study of the systems of governance of other countries. Through political theory, we get to know the political systems of different countries and we are able to make various reforms to improve the governance system of our country.

6. Through political theory, citizens become aware of their rights and duties. The citizens of the country become aware of their rights and duties and become a responsible citizen.

Question 19. Describe the powers and functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Answer. We usually call the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as the Speaker. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha performs the following functions:

1. The main function of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is to preside over the sitting of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the proceedings of the House and maintains discipline.

2. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha gives orders to introduce various types of bills in the Lok Sabha and also orders their discussion.

3. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha also appoints the officers of various committees. There are many committees of Lok Sabha and the chairpersons of these committees are appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha.

4. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha allows various members to give speeches in the Lok Sabha and which member will speak when and how much is also decided by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

5. A very important function of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is to conduct the proceedings of the House of the Lok Sabha in a disciplinary manner and for this the Speaker of the Lok Sabha uses different types of methods.

6. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha also decides which bill is an ordinary bill and which bill is a money bill. The decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is considered final.

7. Whenever there is a situation of equal voting on a bill in the Lok Sabha, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha exercises his casting vote so that the decision can be completed.

8. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha comes after completing the process of voting on various types of bills and it is the Speaker who decides which bill has been passed and which bill has not been passed.

Question 20. Article 257 (1) is related to?

Answer. The following provision has been made in Article 257 (1) of the Indian Constitution -

1. According to Article 257(1) of the Constitution of India, the executive power of every State shall be so exercised that it does not obstruct or prejudicially affect the exercise of the executive power of the Union.

2. Along with this, the Central Government can also give guidelines in this regard to the State Government as per the requirement.

3. If the State Government fails to comply with the order made by the Central Government under Article 257 (1) or fails to implement it effectively, then in this situation the President shall be empowered to impose President's rule in the State concerned. have the right.

Question 22. Which election method is adopted in the Indian Parliamentary elections? Explain.

Answer. Elections to the Lok Sabha - In India, the system of winning the most votes is adopted in the elections to the Lok Sabha. This means that the Lok Sabha elections in India are held every 5 years and any person who has completed 5 years of age can enroll as a candidate. Every Indian voter votes in their respective constituencies in the Lok Sabha elections and selects their favorite candidate, in this way the process of election to the Lok Sabha is completed. The representative who gets the most votes in the Lok Sabha elections is declared the representative.

Elections to Rajya Sabha - Rajya Sabha is the second house of the Parliament of India and is also known as the Upper House. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the Election Commission of India and the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for six years. The members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states. The seats of each state have been fixed in the Rajya Sabha.

Question 23. Describe any three special powers of the President.

Answer. The President is the head of the executive in India and all the affairs of the country are conducted in the name of the President. The President has some special powers which we also call privileges. Some of these privileges are as follows -

1. The President can return the advice of the Council of Ministers and ask it to reconsider its decision. In doing so, the President exercises his discretion. Whenever the President feels that a bill is not complete or there is any error in it or if this decision is not in the interest of the country, he can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider its decision. Although the Council of Ministers can send back the same bill even after reconsideration, then the President is asked to sign that bill, but the return of a bill by the President matters in itself.

2. The second special power of the President is that he also has veto power. The President can return or retain any bill but not being a money bill without giving his assent. There is no such provision in the Constitution of India that the President has to return a bill within a certain time limit. This means that when the President does not have to give his assent to a bill, then he starts delaying the assent of that bill and when the President behaves like this then it is called pocket veto. In 1986, President Giani Zail Singh had behaved similarly on the Postal Amendment Bill.

3. The third prerogative of the President is seen when no political party gets majority in the Lok Sabha and no political party can prove majority to form the government. In such a situation, the President exercises his discretion and invites the leader of the political party in the Lok Sabha in which he has the most confidence to form the government and gives time to prove his majority. From the year 1989, the era of coalition government started in India and since then no political party got a clear majority, in such a situation many times the President had to use his discretion.

In this way we can say that in India the President also has many special powers.

Question 24. Mention any three roles of the Prime Minister as the head of the Council of Ministers.

Answer. Parliamentary executive has been adopted in India, this means that the real power in India is exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of his Council of Ministers. We can understand the role of the Prime Minister as the head of the Council of Ministers through the following points -

1. In India, the place of the Prime Minister in the government is paramount. The Council of Ministers does not exist without the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers comes into existence only when the Prime Minister takes the oath of office.

2. As the head of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister maintains coordination in the Council of Ministers and works to maintain harmony among all the ministers. It is the special responsibility of the Prime Minister that all the ministers of the Council of Ministers should be serious about their work and support the policies and works of the government.

3. The Prime Minister, as the head of the Council of Ministers, also decides which person is to be given which ministry and which minister is to be removed from office. It is the responsibility of the Prime Minister to make the council of ministers thoughtfully so that there is convenience in the operation of the government.

4. As the head of the Council of Ministers, it is also the responsibility of the Prime Minister to make available the information of all his works to the President. The Prime Minister is involved in all the work of the government. The Prime Minister is involved in all the important decisions of the government and also takes decisions about the policies of the government.

Question 25. Describe the constitution making process.

Answer. Constitution is the supreme and fundamental law of any country, which is mandatory for everyone to follow. India has a written constitution which was made by a Constituent Assembly.

Constitution making process - The constitution of India was decided to be made by a Constituent Assembly on the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission. The Constitution of India was prepared in 2 years 11 months 18 days. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India was held on 9 December 1946, in which Dr. Satchidanand Sinha was the President of the Constituent Assembly, later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India was held on 9 December 1946. After partition, the Constituent Assembly of India met again. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected indirectly by the members of the provincial assemblies established in 1935. According to the plan of 3 June 1947, after partition all those representatives who came from the pictures of Pakistan were no longer members of the Constituent Assembly. The actual number of members of the Constituent Assembly was reduced to 299. Of these, a total of 284 members were present on 26 November 1949. He had put his signature on the finally passed constitution.

In the Constituent Assembly, all decisions were taken by majority and only after discussion and deliberation any provision was added to the constitution. The Constituent Assembly had also formed several types of committees whose function was to examine the Constitution thoroughly. The Constituent Assembly of India, after a long deliberation, framed the Constitution after a period of about 2 years 11 months 18 days in which the meeting lasted for 166 days. The sessions of the Constituent Assembly were open to the newspapers and the general public.

Question 26. What is the importance of the fundamental right to freedom?

Answer. Fundamental rights have been provided from Articles 12 to 35 in Part 3 of the Indian Constitution. Basically six fundamental rights have been provided in the Indian Constitution. Initially 7 Fundamental Rights were provided but later the Fundamental Right to Property has been removed from the Fundamental Rights and made only a Statutory Right and thus now there are 6 Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. Among these fundamental rights, the fundamental right to freedom is also a very important right.

Fundamental Right to Freedom - Fundamental Right to Freedom is an important fundamental right and this right is from Article 19 to Article 22.

Major 6 Freedoms - Article 19 of the Constitution has given major 6 freedoms to Indian citizens which are as follows -

1. Freedom of speech and expression.

2. Freedom of peaceful assembly and assembly.

3. Freedom to form associations or associations.

4. Freedom to move in any territory of India.

5. Freedom to reside and settle in any territory of India. 6. Freedom to carry on any profession, livelihood, trade or business.

Protection in respect of conviction - Article 20 of the Constitution provides for protection in respect of conviction of offences. Through this article it has been ensured that no person shall be compelled to testify against himself, shall not be punished by any law other than by law, that the same person shall be punished twice for the same offence. Punishment will not be given.

Life and personal liberty - Article 21 of the Constitution clearly states that no person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

Right to Education - The right to education has been provided in Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. This right has been added to the Constitution of India by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act 2002, which clearly states that the state shall provide free education for children between the ages of 6 and 14.

Protection from arrest and preventive detention- Article 22 clearly states that if any person is arrested, he should be immediately informed of the reason for his arrest, he should be at liberty to have a lawyer of his choice, 24 hours a day. should be presented before the Magistrate.

Even if a person is arrested under preventive detention in which the person is detained before committing the crime, the reason for the person's arrest should be given immediately and such person can be placed under house arrest for 3 months only.

Thus we see that the right to freedom is a very important fundamental right in the Indian Constitution.

Question 27. What is the difference between unicameral and bicameral legislature?

Answer. When there is only one house in the legislature of a country, it is called unicameral legislature. The same when the legislature of the country consists of two houses, it is called bicameral legislature. Some of the major differences between unicameral and bicameral legislature are as follows -

1. In unicameral legislature only one house of Parliament gets all the responsibilities and powers whereas in bicameral legislature both the houses get the responsibility and powers.

2. The unicameral legislature is mainly seen in countries where the form of government is based on the unitary system while the bicameral system is generally seen in those countries where the form of government is based on the federal system.

3. In unicameral system it is generally seen that the efficiency of decision making process is generally more rapid than in bicameral system of legislature.

4. The possibility of conflict in unicameral legislature is negligible whereas in bicameral legislature the possibility of conflict is high.

5. In unicameral legislature both time and money are saved whereas in bicameral legislature, time is also more and money is also spent more.

Question 28. Explain the structure of Parliament.

Answer. Parliament - The largest law making body of the country is called Parliament. The Parliament of India is formed by the meeting of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and the President. There are mainly three organs of Parliament. How can we understand the structure of Parliament?

1. Lok Sabha - Lok Sabha is a major organ of the Indian Parliament, it is the first house of the Parliament and is also called the lower house. Elections to the Lok Sabha are held every 5 years and their members are elected by the people. The current members of the Lok Sabha are 545.

2. Rajya Sabha - The second and important house of the Indian Parliament is the Rajya Sabha, it is also called the second house and the upper house. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the state's Legislative Assemblies, which serve for six years. The maximum strength of Rajya Sabha is 250. Rajya Sabha is never dissolved.

3. President - The third and important organ of the Indian Parliament is the President. After the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, any bill goes to the President for his signature and after the President's signature, that bill becomes a law. The President is elected by the elected members of the Parliament and the Legislative Assembly. The minimum age of the President is 35 years and the term of the President is fixed at 5 years.

Question 29. Write the main features of federalism.

Answer. Federalism is a system of government in which there is a division of powers or government into two or more levels. The main features of federalism are as follows -

1. In the federal system of government, the government is divided into two or more levels, that is, in the federal system of government, there is both the central government and the state government and at some places local government is also seen.

2. A major feature or feature of federalism is that a written constitution is found in it. Therefore, we can say that the main feature of federalism is the presence of a written constitution.

3. An independent judiciary is an important feature of federalism. Wherever there is federalism, there is an independent and fair judiciary.

4. An important feature of federalism is that the supremacy of the constitution is found under it, that is, in countries with a federal system of government, the constitution is supreme and everyone has to work according to the constitution.

5. The main feature of federalism is that the legislature is bicameral in it, that is, the form of the legislature is bicameral in countries with a federal system.