STUDY TIME

CLASS - XII

SUBJECT - POLITICAL SCIENCE

UNITED NATIONS & ITS ORGANISATION

International Organization :- An international organization is called an organization in which many countries of the world are involved and the objectives of the international organization are also very broad. International organizations play an important role in resolving disputes and establishing peace and security at the international level, as well as playing an important role in creating a cordial environment between different countries. The United Nations is an important international organization at the present time.

Need of international Organization :- In the present time international organizations have become very necessary and due to these international organization, many disputes and tensions in the world are being resolved peacefully. We can understand the need or need of international organization through the following points:-

International organizations play an important role in resolving various types of international disputes and tensions. We also need an international organization because no one country alone can resolve disputes or conflicts at the international level.

We also need international organization to put an end to war. International organizations play a decisive role in resolving the situation of conflict by playing the role of mediator in the event of war or war.

International organizations are very important and helpful in the economic development of the world. International organization is absolutely necessary for the implementation of plans and policies related to economic assistance and development of various countries at the international level.

We also need international organization because the constant natural disaster and epidemic can be faced only together. International organizations bring all countries on a single platform so that these disasters and epidemics can be fought.

The need for international organization is also there so that the spirit of international cooperation can be developed at the global level. International organizations develop the spirit of mutual harmony and fraternity in all the countries of the world so that proper development of all the countries is possible.

We also need international organization for different types of global problems because no one country can face such problems alone. For example, global warming is such a problem that every country is suffering and it has emerged as a global problem, so we need an international organization that tries to solve this type of problem together.

As we know that the First World War took place between 1914 to 1918 and after this World War, the need of such an organization was felt which would end the possibilities of Second World War in future and help in establishing peace and order in the world. Play a role

For this purpose, the League of Nations was established on 10 January 1920. But this organization was not successful in its objectives because in the year 1939 to 1945 the Second World War started and its terrible consequences were in front of the world.

United Nations Organization (UNO) - During the Second World War, all the countries of the world had started to feel that now if the Third World War ever happened, it would have very dangerous consequences, so the powerful countries of the world held many meetings and conferences. After the United Nations was established. We can see the background of the establishment and development of the United Nations as follows -

Atlantic Charter - In the year 1941, US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill published a declaration aimed at attracting all the countries of the world, which is known as the Atlantic Charter and it was a major link in the emergence of the United Nations. is also.

Washington Conference - In the year 1942, 26 Allies fighting against the Axis powers met in Washington in support of the Atlantic Charter and in December 1943, the Declaration of the United Nations was also signed.

Moscow Declaration - In October-November 1943, the foreign ministers of Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States together with China's ambassador to the Soviet Union put special emphasis on the establishment of an international organization for peace and security.

Tehran Conference - In December 1943, Prime Minister Churchill of Britain, President Stalin of the Soviet Union and President Roosevelt of America issued a declaration for the establishment of a peace union in Tehran, the capital of Iran.

Yalta Conference - Three big leaders of the world, including President Roosevelt of America, Prime Minister Churchill of Britain and President Stalin of the Soviet Union, organized a conference in Yalta in February 1945 in which a conference of the United Nations about the international organization was organized. decided to

San Francisco Conference - In April-May 1945, a two-month long conference was held in San Francisco in which it was agreed to make the United Nations an international organization. After this, on 26 June 1945, 50 countries signed the Declaration of the United Nations. Poland signed on 15 October thus making the total original founding members of the United Nations 51. Thus, on 24 October 1945, the official establishment of the United Nations was completed and 24 October was declared as United Nations Day every year. India became a member of the United Nations on 30 October 1945.

Objectives and principles of the United Nations:

One of the main objectives and principles of the United Nations is to maintain peace and order at the international level, and for this the main objective of the United Nations is to resolve disputes and conflict situations by negotiating with all the countries of the world.

The main objective and principle of the United Nations is that it also strives for mutual cooperation and cordial relations between all the countries of the world. The main objective of the United Nations is to maintain cooperative relations among all the countries of the world.

One of the main objectives and principles of the United Nations is that it tries to save the world from the Third World War and tries to prevent the possibility of any kind of war and avoids the situation of war.

One of the main objectives and principles of the United Nations is that it seeks to have economic cooperation at the global level so that economic relations between all the countries of the world can be mellowed and the development of all the countries of the world can be ensured.

One of the main objectives and principles of the United Nations is the promotion of human rights and democracy at the international level. The United Nations Organization works for the promotion of democracy in every part of the world and at the same time, the United Nations is ready for the country to understand its responsibility towards human rights in every country.

One of the objectives and principles of the United Nations is that it seeks to stop the arms race in the world and promotes the spirit of disarmament. The United Nations strives for each member country to avoid an arms race and to adopt disarmament.

One of the main objectives and principles of the United Nations is to find ways to deal with the problem of global warming. The United Nations tries to make every country aware of global warming through a variety of programs and schemes at the global level and also motivates them to emit at least carbon.

One of the main objectives and principles of the United Nations is to combat and prevent various types of natural disasters and epidemics together. The United Nations unites and encourages all member states to act cooperatively to combat these natural disasters and pandemics through a global platform.

Structure of the United Nations Organization: The United Nations is a very large international organization at the present time. At present, 193 countries are its members. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City, USA. Mainly, there are six main organs of the United Nations, which are as follows:

General Assembly: The General Assembly is the supreme organ of the United Nations. Each member country of the United Nations is also a member of the General Assembly and each member country has one vote in the General Assembly. The General Assembly meets every year. The General Assembly does important work on many subjects such as disarmament, peacekeeping, human rights enhancement, budget related work of United Nations, admission and removal of new members etc.

Security Council: The Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations, the Security Council has a total of 15 members, out of which five are permanent members who have veto power and 10 are non-permanent members who are elected for 2 years. The five permanent members of the Security Council are the United States, Britain, France, Russia and China. The Security Council is a continuous functioning organ of the United Nations and its main function is to maintain international peace and security.

Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council is a major organ of the United Nations and currently has 54 countries as its members. All these members are elected for 3 years and every year one third members become free from office and new members are elected in their place. This council works to increase the work of economic and social development in the world. The Economic and Social Council also undertakes the work of coordinating the various agencies of the United Nations so that economic and social development can be increased at the international level.

Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council was an organ of the United Nations, whose function was to look after certain areas and make them self-governing, that is, the main function of the Trusteeship Council was to take responsibility for countries that were not. Able to run his administration. After the country of Palau became independent on 1 November 1994, the need for a Trusteeship Council was abolished and this council was adjourned.

International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is a judicial organ of the United Nations. The headquarters of the International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, Netherlands. The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges and a quorum of at least 9 judges is required to decide any issue. The term of each judge is 9 years. The main function of the International Court of Justice is to settle international disputes and to provide legal advice. At present, Dalveer Bhandari of India is also a judge in the International Court of Justice.

Secretariat: The Secretariat is one of the most important organs of the United Nations. The Secretariat is an important organ designed to conduct the work of the United Nations, headed by the Secretary-General, who is elected for a five-year term. At present, Antonio Guterres of Portugal is the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretariat performs office functions for all organs and agencies of the United Nations. The Secretary-General participates in meetings of the United Nations General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship Council.

Secretary-General of the United Nations: The Secretary-General of the United Nations is an important official and is also the official speaker of the United Nations. The role of the Secretary-General is very important in harmonizing all the organs and agencies of the United Nations. Below is a list of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and their key roles:

Trigve Lee (1946–1952) Norway: The first Secretary-General of the United Nations was Trigve Lee. There was also a lawyer and foreign minister, efforts for a ceasefire in the fight between India and Pakistan over the problem of Kashmir, criticism for failing to end the Korean War quickly, the Soviet Union opposed the re-creation of General Secretary, after which he took the post. resigned from.

Dag Hemmershold (1953–1961) Sweden: Dag Hemmershold was an economist and lawyer. He worked for the settlement of the dispute related to the Suez Canal and the decolonization of Africa. He was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts towards resolving the Congo crisis. The Soviet Union and France also criticized their role in Africa.

U. Thant (1961–1971) Myanmar: Teacher and diplomat by profession. Efforts were made to end the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Congo Crisis, and to restore a United Nations peacekeeping force in Cyprus. He also criticized America during the Vietnam War.

Kurt Waldheim (1972–1981) Austria: Was a very good diplomat and foreign minister. Efforts were made to solve the problems of Namibia and Lebanon. China has opposed overseeing the relief operation in Bangladesh and its claim to be elected to the post of Secretary General for the third time.

Javier Perez de Queir (1982–1991) Peru : He was also a great lawyer and politician by profession. Efforts were made to establish peace in Cyprus, Afghanistan and El Salvador. Mediation for the independence of Namibia. Mediation between Britain and Argentina after the Falklands War.

Boutros Boutros Ghali (1992–1996) Egypt: He was a prominent politician, jurist and foreign minister. An Agenda for Peace report was released. Successfully conducted United Nations campaign in Mozambique. In Bosnia, Somalia and Rwanda, there were also allegations for the failure of the United Nations. Due to serious disagreements, the US opposed the re-election of Secretary General.

Kofi Annan (1997-2006) Ghana: He was an official of the United Nations. He also created a global fund to fight AIDS, TB and malaria. The US-led invasion of Iraq was declared illegal. In 2005, the Human Rights Council and the Peace Foundation Commission were also established. Also received the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 2001.

Ban Ki-moon (2007–2016) Republic of Korea (South Korea): was a diplomat and foreign minister. He was the second person from Asia to become the Secretary General. Focused on climate change, the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. Worked for the creation of UN Women. Added on war deterrence and nuclear disarmament.

Antonio Guterres (2017–present) Portugal: Prime Minister and politician of Portugal. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2015), President of the Socialist International (1999–2005). Re-appointed Secretary General of the United Nations and role in the Corona crisis. Appeal for peace in the Russo-Ukraine War.

Special agencies of the United Nations: Apart from the main 6 organs of the United Nations, there are also some specialized agencies which have been created for the special purposes of the United Nations, some of them are as follows:

World Health Organization (WHO): The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations, which was established in 1948 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization is working to implement various types of policies and programs related to health in the world.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): The International Atomic Energy Agency was established in 1957 and is headquartered in Vienna, Austria. This specialized agency of the United Nations works to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy internationally and to prevent the use of nuclear energy for military purposes.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is a specialized organization of the United Nations, it was established in the year 1964 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This specialized organization works on objectives related to business investment and development issues.

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP): The United Nations Environment Program is a specialized organization of the United Nations, which was established on 5 June 1972, the headquarters of this agency is in the city of Nairobi, Kenya. This specialized agency is working to save the environment at the international level and also works to make various member countries aware of environmental pollution.

United Nations Development Program (UNDP): The United Nations Development Program is a specialized organization of the United Nations, which was established on 22 November 1965, the headquarters of this organization is in New York City, USA. This specialized agency of the United Nations works to reduce poverty at the international level and strengthen the infrastructure of poor and backward countries.

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): The United Nations Children's Fund was established on 11 December 1946 and is headquartered in Paris, the capital of France. UNICEF is the specialized organization of the United Nations that oversees the health, education and safety of children on a global scale.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): The United Nations Population Fund is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1969 and headquartered in New York City, United States. This specialized agency works to promote the rights of women, men and children, health and a joyful life of equal opportunity.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): This institution is a specialized organization of the United Nations which was established in 1950 and its headquarter is located in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This organization works to help and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement in another country.

World Food Program (WFP): The World Food Program is a specialized organization of the United Nations, established in 1961 and headquartered in Rome, the capital of Italy. This organization is the largest humanitarian organization at the international level, which works on hunger and food security and it is also the largest organization providing food in schools.

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD): This specialized organization of the United Nations was established in 1963 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This specialized agency undertakes multidisciplinary research and policy analysis on the social dimension of contemporary development issues within the United Nations.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): This specialized agency of the United Nations was created in the year 1997 with its headquarters in The Hague city of Netherlands. This organization is working for the destruction and control of chemical weapons on a global scale. At present, this organization is looking after the work of eliminating weapons in Syria.

World Trade Organization (WTO): The World Trade Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations, which was established in 1995 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Before 1995, WTO was known as GATT. This organization makes rules for international trade on a global scale and works to promote cooperative trade among all member countries.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR): This specialized organization of the United Nations was formed in the year 1993 and the headquarters of this organization is in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This organization works for the promotion of human rights at the global level and is also working for the protection and protection of human rights.

United Nations University (UNU): United Nations University was established in the year 1972 and its main branch is in the city of Tokyo, Japan. This university conducts research and training in the field of development, welfare and human survival.

United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS): This specialized organization of the United Nations was established in the year 1994 with its headquarters in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This specialized agency is working for the new zero HIV/AIDS infectious patients internationally. Primarily, this organization creates global awareness for AIDS at the international level and also shares its preventive measures.

International Labor Organization (ILO): The International Labor Organization is a specialized organization of the United Nations, which was established in the year 1919 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. The International Labor Union is mainly working to protect the interests of workers and workers at the international level and tries to make rules and laws related to them. Internationally, it deals with various issues related to workers' working hours, wage allowances, and their safety.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): The Food and Agriculture Organization was founded in 1945 and is headquartered in Rome, Italy. This specialized organization of the United Nations studies research topics related to agricultural production, forestry and agricultural marketing and also serves as a forum for the exchange of knowledge and information related to food and agriculture.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): UNESCO is a major specialized agency of the United Nations, which was established in 1946 and is headquartered in Paris, the capital of France. UNESCO primarily strives to maintain international peace and order through education, nature, society, science, culture and communication and promotes development in these areas.

International Monetary Fund (IMF): The International Monetary Fund is a specialized agency of the United Nations, which was established in the year 1944 and is headquartered in Washington DC, the capital of the United States. The International Monetary Fund monitors the global economic situation of its member countries and also provides economic and technical assistance to its member countries. Along with this, the International Monetary Fund is also prepared to keep the international exchange rates stable.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (IBRD): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank for short, is a specialized organization of the United Nations that deals mainly with financial functions. The World Bank was established in the year 1944 and the headquarters of this institution is also in Washington DC, the capital of America. This organization works to provide economic loans to the member countries of the United Nations for development work. At present, 189 countries are its members.

International Meteorological Organization (IMO): The World Meteorological Organization is a specialized organization of the United Nations, which was established in the year 1950 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This organization of the United Nations works to provide information about the condition and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its relationship with the oceans, the weather, and consequently the distribution of available water resources.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU): The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized organization of the United Nations, which was established in the year 1865 and is headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This specialized organization of the United Nations is its main function of international cooperation for the improvement and judicious use of telecommunications, promoting the development of effective operation of technical facilities and increasing the utility of telecommunication services.

Some of the Major Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) :-

Greenpeace: Greenpeace works internationally as an NGO which was established in the year 1971 in Canada. The headquarters of this organization is in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. This organization does environmental protection work at the international level and also plays an active role in protecting the natural environment of the earth. This organization gives priority to environmental campaigns at the international level.

Human Rights Watch: Human Rights Watch is a leading international human rights advocacy organization founded in 1978 and headquartered in New York City, USA. The organization is America's largest international human rights organization and draws worldwide media attention to human rights violations. The organization has helped in campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers, and to establish the International Criminal Court.

Amnesty International: Amnesty International is a powerful voluntary organization at the international level. This organization was established in the year 1961 in the UK and is headquartered in London. This organization works internationally to protect human values ​​and human liberties and to eliminate discrimination of any kind. This organization has done a lot of work for the protection and protection of human rights as well as for the promotion of human rights.

International Red Cross Society: The International Red Cross Society is a globally respected organization founded in 1863 and headquartered in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. This organization works to protect human life and its health. This institution was established to provide aid to the wounded and the victims on the battlefield. The main objective of this institution is to provide relief to man from difficulties in the event of war or calamity.

Use of veto power by permanent members

(as of 1 June 2018)

The need for expansion of the Security Council: The discussion on the expansion and reform of the Security Council of the United Nations had started and almost most of the member countries said that the number of permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council should be expanded. In the year 1992, a resolution was adopted in the General Assembly of the United Nations and this resolution shows three main things.

1. The Security Council no longer represents the political reality.

2. Its decisions are imprinted with Western values ​​and interests and these decisions are dominated by a few countries.

3. There is no equal representation in the Security Council.

When these three things were agreed upon, the emphasis was on expanding and reforming the Security Council.

Criteria for becoming a permanent or non-permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations: In view of the increasing demands for a change in the structure of the United Nations, on 1 January 1997, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, launched an investigation into how reforms should be carried out Example As for whether new members of the Security Council should be elected?

In the years that followed, certain criteria were suggested for permanent and non-permanent membership of the Security Council. The following are some of the criteria that any new member must meet for permanent and non-permanent membership of the Security Council:

That country should be a big economic power.

The military power of that country should be huge.

That country's contribution to the United Nations budget should be more.

It should be a big country in terms of population.

A country that respects democracy and human rights.

A country that represents the diversity of the world in terms of its geography, economy and culture.

India as a claim for permanent membership of the Security Council:

India has been advocating for the reform of the Security Council of the United Nations and India also considers itself a strong contender for the permanent membership of the Security Council. The Indian claim for permanent membership of the Security Council can be understood on the basis of the following factors:

India comes second in the list of world's most populous countries and thus India leads a very large population of the world.

India is the largest democratic country in the world and the roots of democracy are very strong in India, along with this, India is always serious for human rights and works continuously for its promotion.

India is one of the most powerful powers in the world militarily and nuclear power also plays a sufficient role to make India the most powerful country.

India is one of the fastest growing economy of the world and the GDP rate of India is also growing very fast, so India will emerge as a powerful country in terms of economy in the coming time.

India is a geographically distinct country and the Indian Ocean provides a central position to India, along with India is also rich in biodiversity. The culture of India is amazing and India has emerged as a leader in world politics.

India is a major contributor to the budget of the United Nations and India has been doing this work with full continuity.

Efforts made to make the United Nations more equitable: There has been a lot of discussion about the increase in the number of members of the Security Council of the United Nations and it has also emerged as a serious question. But apart from all this, there are more serious issues before the United Nations. When the United Nations completed its 60 years in the year 2005, all its member countries gathered to celebrate this anniversary. On this occasion the current situation was reviewed and the delegates involved in the meeting made the following suggestions to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing environment:

Peace Founder Commission should be set up.

If a nation fails to save its citizens from atrocities, then the world fraternity should take the responsibility - an acceptance of this.

Establishment of Human Rights Council (active since 19 June 2006).

Agreed on achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Condemn terrorism in all its forms.

Establishment of a democracy fund.

Consent to abolish the Trusteeship Council.

Relevance of the United Nations in the present time: The United Nations was established to save the whole world from the Third World War and to establish peace and order in the world. We can understand the relevance of the United Nations in the present times through the following points:

Even at present, the United Nations is an important international organization working for international peace and international security.

The relevance of the United Nations for international economic cooperation is also absolutely necessary in the present times. The United Nations is working to improve economic relations between various member states.

We can also understand the relevance of the United Nations in the present time in such a way that it is acting as an important organization in preventing arms race in the world and implementing the policy of disarmament.

It is even more relevant in the present times in the United Nations because there is an urgent need for nuclear disarmament in the present time and various countries are also making efforts for nuclear power which can be terrible for the whole world.

We can also understand the relevance of the United Nations in such a way that no country alone can combat the various types of natural disasters and epidemics that are coming in the present time, so we have to make joint efforts to combat these disasters and epidemics at the international level. League of Nations is required.

Even at the present time, the United Nations is a relevant international organization because this organization is playing a decisive role in saving the whole world from the third world war and it will not be an exaggeration to say that it is only because of the efforts of the United Nations that the world is still in third place. The world has survived the war.

The United Nations is also a relevant organization in the present time because the United Nations is the only organization that has the ability to challenge American supremacy.

America's influence on the United Nations: The influence of the United States on the policies and programs of the United Nations can be clearly seen and many factors are responsible for this, some of which are as follows:

The influence of the United States on the policies and programs of the United Nations is also seen because the headquarters of the United Nations are located in America and in this way the United States is able to influence the policies and programs of the United Nations.

The United States is also able to influence the policies and programs of the United Nations because the majority of the employees working in the United Nations are from America.

The United States comes first among the countries with the most economic cooperation in the United Nations’s Budget and for this reason the influence of the United States can be clearly seen on the policies and programs of the United Nations.

We can also see the influence of the United States on the United Nations because the United States is a permanent member of the Security Council and has veto power. Therefore, America uses this veto power according to its interest and influences the policy and decision of the United Nations.

MCQ QUIZ BASED ON UN AND ITS ORGANIZATION CHAPTER.

UNO MCQ QUIZ – 1

UNO MCQ QUIZ – 2