SUBJECT POLITICAL SCIENCE
CLASS-XII
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
FOUR(4) MARKS
Question 1.
What were the objectives behind the establishment of the European Union?
Ans.
The European Union is a regional organization on the continent of Europe and is
also the most powerful regional organization in the world. The European Union
came into existence in the year 1992. The following objectives were included
behind the establishment of the European Union -
1.
The European Union was established with the objective that the foreign policy
of all the countries involved in this organization can be made uniform and
security policy can also be decided so that equality can be established in this
organization.
2.
One of the objectives behind the establishment of the European Union was that
mutual disputes and locks could be resolved peacefully and help in resolving
various matters.
3.
One of the objectives of the European Union was also to create a common
currency of the member countries of this organization, and for this, efforts
were also made for the euro currency in many countries of the European Union.
4.
The European Union was also established with the aim that all member countries
of this organization could move without any restrictions and visas were not
required. Free movement has also been arranged in the countries of the European
Union.
Question 2.
Explain any four reasons responsible for the Emergency imposed in India in the
year 1975.
Ans.
On June 25, 1975, in the name of internal disturbance in the country, a
national emergency was declared for 18 months on the basis of Article 352 of
the Indian Constitution. The following reasons were responsible for the
emergency imposed in the year 1975 -
1.
Economic factors - The role of many
major economic factors was important for the imposition of emergency in the
year 1975, these economic factors included failure of the slogan of poverty
removal, the stop of US aid to India, oil prices in the international market.
The growth of India's industrial growth rate slowed down, the government had
stopped and reduced the salaries of government employees to reduce the
expenditure, the unemployment rate increased and Bangladesh crisis in 1971
Indian Weakening of the economy were some of the major economic factors.
2.
Student Movement - The student
movement also played an important role behind the declaration of emergency in
the year 1975. In Gujarat and Bihar, students started agitations against rising
food prices, edible oil crisis, rising prices and rampant corruption in the
bureaucracy. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan led the student movement in Bihar and
took this movement out of Bihar and spread it all over India. Indira Gandhi
described the leadership of these student movements and Jayaprakash Narayan's
movement of total revolution as inspired by personal opposition.
3.
Naxalite Movement - The Naxalite
movement was also a major factor behind the declaration of emergency in the
year 1975. This movement started from the Naxalism area in West Bengal and this
movement gradually took a violent form and started opposing the policies of the
government and later this movement turned violent and went away. In 1969, under
the leadership of Charu Mazumdar, the Indian communist party Marxist Lenawadi
Party was formed and this party adopted the strategy of guerrilla warfare for
revolution.
4.
Railway strike - The National
Committee formed under the leadership of George Fernandes started a nationwide
strike in the year 1974 for the demands related to service and bonus etc. of
railway employees. Which railway strike was declared unconstitutional by the
government and refused to accept any of their demands. Due to this move of the
government, there was discontent among the workers, railway employees, common
man and traders against the government.
5.
Struggle with the Judiciary
- The struggle of the judiciary for the emergency of 1975 is also seen as an
important factor. The Supreme Court quashed the provisions of the then
government, such as the reduction in the fundamental rights, the curtailment of
the right to property and the Directive Principles of Policy, giving more power
over the fundamental rights. The government, ignoring the senior judges,
appointed junior judge K blind as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court which
was a controversial decision in itself. Due to such actions of the government,
there was talk of committed judiciary and bureaucracy, which was a question
mark on fair judiciary and fair bureaucracy.
Question 3. In
the 21st century, India has emerged as a new center of power. Give suitable
reasoning in support of your answer.
Ans.
It is absolutely true that in the 21st century, India has emerged as a new
center of power and many factors are responsible for this, some of which are as
follows -
1.
India comes in seventh place in the world in terms of area and second in the
world in terms of population, which gives India a unique talent.
2.
India has the world's largest youth population and it is believed that the more
youth the country has, the faster the country develops.
3.
Economy of India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world. India's
ancient inclusive culture with the goal of a US$ 5 trillion economy and 200
million Indian diaspora across the globe plays a vital role in making India a
new powerhouse in the 21st century.
4.
India has also emerged as an important country from the strategic point of
view, India's military power makes India self-reliant with nuclear technology
and brings it to the fore as a powerful country in the world.
5.
India is also developing continuously in the field of science and technology,
due to programs like Make in India, Indian economy can become self-reliant.
6.
In the 21st century, India's participation in world politics has increased very
rapidly and India has actively participated in global political issues and has
also made its own identity. India has emerged as a global leader in the 21st
century.
Question 4.
What factors help the EU as a powerful organization? Explain.
Ans.
The European Union is a regional organization on the continent of Europe and
one of the most powerful organizations in the world. The present European Union
as we see it came into existence in the year 1992 after the Müstrist Treaty.
The following factors have contributed significantly in establishing the
European Union as a new center of power -
1.
The economy of the European Union is very large and the European Union also had
the distinction of being the world's largest economy in the year 2005. Its GDP
was much more than that of the US economy.
2.
EU's common currency, Euro is a very powerful currency and due to this
currency, America is also feeling threatened, which shows the power of the
European Union.
3.
EU's share in international trade is much higher The EU's share in
international trade is 3 times that of the US, which makes the EU a powerful
organization.
4.
France, a member country of the European Union, is also a permanent member of
the United Nations and is also a nuclear-powered country, which makes the
European Union a powerful organization in itself and due to its ability, it can
also control the policies of other countries of the world. can affect.
5.
The European Union is also the most powerful organization in the world in terms
of military capability and this organization becomes even stronger and more
powerful due to France having nuclear power.
Question 5.
Explain the various consequences of the Emergency of 1975.
Ans.
On 25 June 1975, Emergency was declared by the President under Article 352 by
Indira Gandhi's government and this emergency remained in force for almost 18
months. This emergency was imposed in the name of internal disturbance and its
various consequences were seen which are as follows -
1.
Leaders of various opposition parties were imprisoned after the declaration of
emergency.
2.
A consequence of the declaration of emergency was also seen that press
censorship was imposed, this meant that newspapers and magazines could not
publish any kind of news without the permission of the government.
3.
As a result of the declaration of National Emergency, many types of
organizations were banned, including Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and
Jamaat-e-Islami.
4.
After the declaration of National Emergency, any kind of strike, agitation,
dharna and demonstration were banned.
5.
After the declaration of emergency, the fundamental rights of citizens were
disabled and citizens did not have any fundamental rights except the right to
life and life.
6.
After the declaration of emergency, the government arrested many political
activists through the Preventive Detention Act so that they could not do any
kind of activity.
7.
After the declaration of emergency, the newspapers of the Indian Express and
the Statesman, which were barred from publishing, left their blank space, as
well as magazines like Seminar and Mainstream stopped publication.
8.
During the National Emergency itself, many changes were made by the 42nd
Constitutional Amendment 1976, such as the election of the Prime Minister,
President and Vice President could not be challenged in any court and the term
of the legislature was increased from 5 years to 6 years. was done etc.
9.
After the declaration of Emergency, Kannada writer Shivaram Karanth and Hindi
writer Phanishwar Nath Renu returned their titles to the government in protest against
the Emergency.